There are many misconceptions and outright myths about flash storage. Everyone has held a flash-enabled device in their hand at some point, so the category of flash has many connotations to our world of wearables, smartphones, and tablets, but few of those have much to do with enterprise-class flash technology.
By Adam Roberts
People still assume that the flash storage in a USB is the same as the one in the data center. In reality, they are actually different. Here are five things you need to know about enterprise flash.
There are many misconceptions and outright myths about flash storage. Everyone has held a flash-enabled device in their hand at some point, so the category of flash has many connotations to our world of wearables, smartphones, and tablets, but few of those have much to do with enterprise-class flash technology.
To stick to the most common item people think about when they hear flash storage, is the USB flash key design? No company would trust their most valuable data on a consumer-grade device. But enterprise flash devices are a completely different beast from consumer-grade flash. Each one of it is designed to meet particular needs and use cases in regard to capacity, performance, reliability, and cost.
Let me explain a few of the design decisions and implementations that set enterprise flash storage devices apart and why SSDs in the data center are nothing like a USB key.
End-to-End Data Protection
A device being designed for enterprise applications must protect the customer data with all means the state of the art allow. End-to-end data protection means that as the data flows to and through the device, it is protected from loss or undetected change due to numerous “bit flipping” occurrences. Bit flipping is an attack on a cryptographic cipher in which the attacker can change the ciphertext. This is a phenomenon that all electronic devices can encounter. Everything from alpha particles to electrical atmospheric noise to background radiation to device signal quality can cause individual bits to be flipped to an invalid state.
As the data passes through the flash drive, it will be passed from chip to chip, which exposes the electrical signal as it travels outside of the silicon chips. An enterprise Flash device will perform what’s referred to as an Error Correcting Code (ECC) or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) check on the data. This is accomplished by passing extra parity data along with the original data packet, which can be used to assure the data that exited one chip hasn’t been subjected to a flipped bit in the packet that would, of course, result in incorrect data.
Power Fail Protection
Power Fail Protection is also sometimes referred to as “pfail”. The purpose of pfail is to protect the user in the event an unexpected power loss occurs while data is in transit. If a write to final media is underway, when the write is imminent the device will send what is known as a “write commit” back to the host. In some cases SRAM or DRAM will be used as a front-end buffer to provide additional write performance for the drive. With no pfail on a device, the data could be committed to the SRAM or DRAM or in transit to final media and encounter a power fail that prevents the written data from ever reaching that final media. This of course either loses the data or causes an old or “stale” copy of the data to be in place as opposed what was expected. No one wants to make a million dollar deposit only to have a power glitch cause the deposit data to fail to reach final media.
Temperature Throttling to Ensure the Drive Won’t Overheat Itself
Storage devices produce heat when reading and writing as does any device that’s doing actual work. Since flash can be used in standard drive bays in the front of the server, in PCIe bays, and in other internal slots such as M.2 form factor, etc., it can be subjected to environmental temperature fluctuations in the data center or other server location, not only from its own produced heat, but also heat exhausted from devices upstream of it. In an effort to ensure the maximum uptime of a server, we never want a device to fail due to overheating that’s a result of the drive’s heat signature.
Throttling the performance of the device in an intelligent way allows the heat produced by the device to be reduced which allows for the device to run cooler thus saving the data even when part of the problem is heat produced by some other device component such as CPU exhaust heat upstream.
Quality of Service for Performance
Quality of Service, or QoS, is a specification to help ensure the customer can guarantee a certain level of performance. The ideal QoS is defined as:
Max read latency <50usec 99.99% of the time (QD1)
Max write latency <100usec 99.99% of the time (QD1)
Client devices do not offer a specification for QoS. The 99.99% specification here is enterprise quality and is actually better than a large number of enterprise SSD competitors, which limit their QoS specification to 99.9%.
In either case, client drives typically provide no specification for this. Performance stability should also be guaranteed on company’s SSDs to stay within +-5% on every workload of the specification targets for performance. Client devices typically give no such guarantee so you get what you get.
Uncorrectable Bit Error Rate
Uncorrectable bit error rates are usually expressed as UBER. It is essentially the odds of a piece of needed data not being accessible from the media.
Client-based devices tend to fall at around 10-15, while enterprise HDDs are typically better at 10-16. Enterprise SSDs tend to be around 10-17. This means an enterprise SSD is 100x less likely to lose a piece of data than a client device, and 10x less likely to lose a piece of data than an enterprise HDD is.
So for anyone who still thinks flash is something meant for just consumer level USB devices, I hope this article helped you to gain a better understanding of what sets consumer and enterprise-grade flash apart and what you need to look for when choosing a storage device to accelerate your data center storage.
The author is the Chief Solutions Architect, SanDisk
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